Diesel freezing point - Therefore, for a fuel that starts to cloud at -1°C and that gels at -2°C, the cloud point would be reported as -1°C, and the pour point at 0°C. The cloud point of soybean biodiesel is about 34°F (1°C), whereas the cloud point for No. 1 diesel is about – 40°F (-40°C) and for No. 2 diesel between -18°F (-28°C) and +20°F (-7°C).

 
The freezing point of oil is lower than that of water. Moreover, the type of oil affects the freezing point. While oil can freeze at any temperature between -107°C and -40°C, water has a freezing point of 0°C (32°F) (-161.6°F). Impurities also have an impact on the freezing point of the oil. Oil is a liquid at room temperature, but it can .... Is dropbox safe

At What Temperature Does DEF Freeze? The freezing point of DEF is 12 degrees Fahrenheit and -11 degrees Celsius. If you’re driving in low temperatures, it’s important to leave some room in the DEF tank. If the DEF tank is completely full, when it freezes, the water in it will expand and could crack the tank.For OG traditionalists, or those who want to save $200 by not buying the tool, use a multimeter to check plugs' resistance (from connector to the body). Place one point on the battery's positive ...Like water, DEF will expand up to 7% when frozen and can damage the storage tank if it is full or nearly full when it freezes. Keeping your DEF tank less than full in cold temperatures is a good ...Jan 27, 2020 · The fifth through seventh numbers equate to the number of days left in the year at the time the fluid was blended. So, as the info on our bottle is "207," that means the batch of BlueDEF was made ... Contact us today. You can give us a call at 1-610-595-4152 or fill out the form below for more about our services. A member of the Hart team can answer any of your questions and provide an estimate. Diesel gelling can be frustrating. Fortunately, even during the colder months of the year, there are ways to prevent this.Diesel fuel starts freezing at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and gels around 15 degrees Fahrenheit or below. Then, the gel formation clogs the vehicle’s fuel system, making it difficult to start the engine. The freezing issue …A security freeze is a hard lock on your credit. If you've been a victim of identity theft or recent store breaches, your first thought might be to go ahead with the lock. In some...It was a pure kerosene fuel with high flash point (relative to aviation gasoline) and a freezing point of −60 °C (−76 °F). The low freezing point requirement limited availability of the fuel and it was soon superseded by other "wide cut" jet fuels which were kerosene-naphtha or kerosene-gasoline blends. It was also known as avtur. JP-2Diesel fuel’s freezing point is lowered by anti-gels, making it less prone to freeze in cold temperatures. (**IMPORTANT: diesel fuel conditioner, diesel fuel supplement/additive, and anti-gel are not the same thing. A diesel fuel conditioner or a supplement such as CleanBoost Maxx WILL NOT keep diesel fuel from freezing).Read on to learn about what temperature does diesel freeze and fuel additives that can be used to prevent this from occurring. Login 1-800-839-1849 Call Us. ... They lower the freezing point of diesel, making your engine less prone to …The freezing point of beer depends on its alcohol content, but it generally freezes at around 28 degrees Fahrenheit. Beer is typically between 6 and 20 proof. For reference, 24 pro...freezing point, temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid.As with the melting point, increased pressure usually raises the freezing point. The freezing point is lower than the melting point in the case of mixtures and for certain organic compounds such as fats.As a mixture freezes, the solid that forms first usually has a composition different from that of …The only nuances are the right choice of the brand of fuel — many sellers dilute the fuel, because of which it loses its properties and may cause a malfunction of the fuel system. Since the minimum freezing temperature of summer diesel fuel is -5 O C, it must be used only with positive ambient temperatures.In today’s world, fuel prices can vary greatly from one location to another. Whether you are a business owner with a fleet of diesel-powered vehicles or an individual looking for t...If you are experiencing issues with diesel fuel at temperatures above 15°F (-9°C), the problem could be related to water in the fuel freezing and creating blockages, rather than the fuel itself …The freezing point of vinegar is 28 degrees Fahrenheit, or -2 degrees Celsius. Its freezing point is below that of water because of its acidity. Vinegar is made up of water and a c... It was a pure kerosene fuel with high flash point (relative to aviation gasoline) and a freezing point of −60 °C (−76 °F). The low freezing point requirement limited availability of the fuel and it was soon superseded by other "wide cut" jet fuels which were kerosene-naphtha or kerosene-gasoline blends. It was also known as avtur. JP-2 DME has a freezing point of -143ºC, a boiling point of -54ºC, and liquefies at 6atm under room temperature. Thus, DME can be stored as a liquid without cryogenic device. DME has little toxicity ...Jul 23, 2023 · When the mercury drops, diesel engines face the risk of freezing. The last thing you want is for your engine’s coolant to turn into a solid block of ice. This is where antifreeze steps in as a lifesaver. Antifreeze, also known as coolant, is designed to lower the freezing point of the engine’s coolant mixture. The freezing point of diesel is much higher than that of gasoline, which is why several anti-freezing additives exist and truck owners leave engines idling on cold days. When the surrounding temperature gets too cold, gas can become thickened like diesel. Also, increased exposure of the liquid to cold increases the chances of the fuel …Most Canadian fuel stations will have diesel fuel that is available at the pumps as ‘Summer’ diesel fuel (called Diesel No.2) that is usually used May to October, and then a ‘Winter’ diesel fuel that is used from November to April (called Diesel No.1). When diesel fuel gets cold, it starts to get ‘cloudy’ and thicken up which ...Typical cloud point temperatures range from -18°F to +20°F but may be as high as +40°F — depending on a number of factors related to the base stock and refining processes …Nov 14, 2023 · The pour point: the factor which determines the temperature at which a fluid starts to solidify; it’s the temperature at which diesel freezes. At this point, fuel will freeze solid in lines; The cloud point: the temperature at which paraffin creates cloudy deposits within the fuel; this varies depending on fuel characteristics but the ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid. The boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Some fuels and their boiling points at atmospheric pressure ...At this temperature fuel will freeze solid in lines. Pour point is irrelevant in terms of predicting cold weather operability because it is lower than cold filter plugging point. If fuel cannot pass through filters to the engine, the vehicle will not run. In the absence of other complications, gelled or cloudy diesel should clear as it warms.When it comes to diesel prices, it’s no secret that they can vary significantly from one location to another. If you’ve ever wondered why diesel prices near your location are highe...While this can begin at temperatures as high as 32 degrees, the average cloud point for #2 diesel fuel is around 20 degrees. As temperatures continue to drop, the diesel approaches its pour point, the coldest temperature at which it can flow before freezing. This occurs when the waxes in the fuel bind together.At this temperature fuel will freeze solid in lines. Pour point is irrelevant in terms of predicting cold weather operability because it is lower than cold filter plugging point. If fuel cannot pass through filters to the engine, the vehicle will not run. In the absence of other complications, gelled or cloudy diesel should clear as it warms.Diesel fuel’s freezing point is lowered by anti-gels, making it less prone to freeze in cold temperatures. (**IMPORTANT: diesel fuel conditioner, diesel fuel supplement/additive, and anti-gel are not the same thing. A diesel fuel conditioner or a supplement such as CleanBoost Maxx WILL NOT keep diesel fuel from freezing).Fuel has a freezing point, known as a cloud point because as it freezes, fuel can take on a cloudy appearance. The cloud point of fuel in your vehicle depends on your fuel grade. ... You can also lower your cloud point by using a diesel fuel additive, such as anti-gels, or creating a winter blend diesel fuel, mixing 70% diesel no. 2 with 30% ...Refrigeration and Freezing - Refrigeration and freezing are probably the most popular forms of food preservation in use today. Learn more about refrigerarion and freezing. Advertis...Diesel fuel also begins to gel and freeze at just 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Not to mention that any type of fuel tank can leave room for air, and therefore water condensation. This condensation is also susceptible to freezing at just 32 degrees. Even before diesel or gasoline’s freezing point is reached, fuel will thicken and gel.The freezing point of iron, which is the same as its melting point, is 2800 degrees Fahrenheit. Iron has a boiling point of 5182 degrees Fahrenheit. Iron is a metal that belongs to...DIESEL FUEL MARINE ; Molecular weight: 198-202 ; Synonyms: DMF, diesel, petroleum, diesel fuel no. 4, distillate ; Freezing point, maximum: NA ; Boiling point, 760 ...Dec 18, 2020 · For OG traditionalists, or those who want to save $200 by not buying the tool, use a multimeter to check plugs' resistance (from connector to the body). Place one point on the battery's positive ... At this temperature fuel will freeze solid in lines. Pour point is irrelevant in terms of predicting cold weather operability because it is lower than cold filter plugging point. If fuel cannot pass through filters to the engine, the vehicle will not run. In the absence of other complications, gelled or cloudy diesel should clear as it warms.Diesel fuel starts freezing at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and gels around 15 degrees Fahrenheit or below. Then, the gel formation clogs the vehicle’s fuel system, making it difficult to start the engine. The freezing issue …Typically, a CFI is effective down to about zero degrees Fahrenheit. Steps to winterize your diesel fuel. Adding a CFI is the first step to fully protecting your diesel against cold-weather gelling …Sep 5, 2018 ... The diesel freezing point is much warmer than the freezing point of petrol (-30 degrees C). The temperature where diesel starts to thicken ...The freezing point depression is the difference in the freezing points of the solution from the pure solvent. This is true for any solute added to a solvent; the freezing point of the solution will be lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent (without the solute). Thus, when anything is dissolved in water, the solution will freeze at a ...Apr 25, 2021 ... Winterized diesel fuel is treated with additives that change the low-temperature characteristics. Glow Plugs.Distillation Point. Jet A-1 fuel has a flash point of a minimum of 38 °C with typical boiling ranging from 150 ~ 250 o C. The ideal kerosene freezing point determines where to stop the Kerosene cut. The freezing point of jet A-1 fuel is -52 o C. The production of jet fuel from a particular crude oil may be increased by increasing the endpoint ... The gel points of some common petroleum products are as follows: #1 diesel fuel: 15.5 °F (−9.2 °C). #2 diesel fuel: 17.5 °F (−8.1 °C). Heating oil: 16.0 °F (−8.9 °C). Kerosene: −40.0 °F (−40.0 °C). For the petroleum product to flow again, it needs to be brought above the gel point temperature to the ungel point, which is ... Winter-Grade Diesel fuel is a special category fuel that doesn’t freeze in cold weather. However, standard diesel fuel freezes on -20 to -30 degrees but it remains in a liquid state.At Midway Diesel LLC in Eloy, AZ, we like to provide information that is either useful or interesting. In the case of the freezing point of gasoline, it’s more of a fun fact than trivia – gas freezes at -40 to -200 degrees. In regard to diesel fuel, however, the answer drifts solidly into the realm of useful information.The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid. The boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Some fuels and their boiling points at atmospheric pressure ...Sick of tossing spoiled fruit, veggies, meat, and other leftovers in the trash because they sat around the fridge too long before you got to them? The Former Fat Guy Blog offers an...Feb 4, 2019 · You don’t want to make the switch all at once, though. It’s important to transition your equipment from a No. 2 to a No. 1 diesel gradually. Here are the steps you’ll want to take: Once the ... Find your FPPF MELT DOWN DIESEL FUEL TREATMENT, BOILING POINT 250 ° F, FREEZING POINT -22 ° F, 946 ML at Grainger Canada, formerly Acklands-Grainger.Wax in diesel fuels, Paraffin wax is a natural and important part of diesel fuel. ... Jet A) to #2 fuel to lower Cold Filter Plug Point (CFPP) was that for every 10% kerosene added to #2 diesel you would lower CFPP by approximately 5°F. An example would be that a 50% blend would have improved CFPP by about 25°F. ... These droplets …While this can begin at temperatures as high as 32 degrees, the average cloud point for #2 diesel fuel is around 20 degrees. As temperatures continue to drop, the diesel approaches its pour point, the coldest temperature at which it can flow before freezing. This occurs when the waxes in the fuel bind together.Jan 27, 2020 · The fifth through seventh numbers equate to the number of days left in the year at the time the fluid was blended. So, as the info on our bottle is "207," that means the batch of BlueDEF was made ... In order for gasoline to freeze it needs to be held at temperatures around -73.33°C. That number will vary depending on the components that make up your gasoline (octane, for example, has a higher freezing point), but the point remains the same. The freezing point of gasoline is so extreme that it’s highly unlikely that temperatures in your ... DEF, because of the urea, doesn’t have the freezing point of water. The urea mixture has a much lower freezing point of 12°F/-11°C. ... Do you make a blanket for 2016 canyon Gmc 2.8 diesel def tank. Mine freezes up and goes into limp mode. My dealer said not can be done. They are avoiding the problem when I would like to correct the …The freezing point of iron, which is the same as its melting point, is 2800 degrees Fahrenheit. Iron has a boiling point of 5182 degrees Fahrenheit. Iron is a metal that belongs to...At this temperature fuel will freeze solid in lines. Pour point is irrelevant in terms of predicting cold weather operability because it is lower than cold filter plugging point. If fuel cannot pass through filters to the engine, the vehicle will not run. In the absence of other complications, gelled or cloudy diesel should clear as it warms.We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.This Diesel Antifreeze prevents freezing of diesel. Add this Cold Flow additive to the diesel when temperature is above 5°C. Suitable for all types of diesel: ...Diesel on the other hand freezes up at around -20 degrees, but you’ll hit problems at much higher temperatures. All fuel needs some element of inherent lubrication, and in the case of diesel ...Typical cloud point temperatures range from -18°F to +20°F but may be as high as +40°F — depending on a number of factors related to the base stock and refining processes …When the temperature drops below 10°F or below -12.22°C, the diesel gelling occurs. The fuel altogether solidifies, and there is no chance for it to flow. Common Signs of Diesel Fuel Gelling. The following are just a few … The freezing point of DEF is 12 degrees Fahrenheit and -11 degrees Celsius. If you’re driving in low temperatures, it’s important to leave some room in the DEF tank. If the DEF tank is completely full, when it freezes, the water in it will expand and could crack the tank. Oil is not well. For eight days in a row since May 14, prices for petrol and diesel have been on the uptick in India as retailers pass on rising global oil prices to consumers. Gov...Get some just to be safe. Untreated diesel gels at 10-15 degrees. Fuel in your area may or may not be treated. If you starve that 6.7 of fuel, the repair bill will be very, very, expensive, especially compared to an $8 bottle of power service. Street_Map105 • 2003 2500HD Duramax LB7 • 3 yr. ago.The flash point of diesel fuel varies between 126 and 205 degrees Fahrenheit (between 52 and 96 degrees Celsius) depending on the type of diesel fuel. Diesel is suitable for use in...Feb 24, 2020 · Designed for diesel engines, a fuel additive lowers the fuel pour point (when freezing occurs) by as much as 40 degrees. It also disperses water and prevents gelling. A diesel fuel additive works by altering the crystals that form in fuel during cold weather. Specifically, the additive reduces crystal size, which prevents diesel fuel from ... Mar 11, 2014 · In HSD and LSD the wax characteristics were relatively well understood and consistent. For example the “Rule of Thumb” used for adding kerosene (#1 diesel, Jet A) to #2 fuel to lower Cold Filter Plug Point (CFPP) was that for every 10% kerosene added to #2 diesel you would lower CFPP by approximately 5°F. Gelling occurs at two major temperatures points. The first is called the cloud point, during which paraffin wax starts to precipitate in the fuel. ... The other way to cure frozen diesel woes is by using fuel additives like special treatments or kerosene. Mixing a fuel additive into your diesel is cost-effective and an easy DIY remedy. The ...The tipping point varies from manufacturer to manufacturer (and blend package to blend package), but somewhere between 20 degrees F and -15 degrees F diesel fuel can reach its cloud point. Cloud point is the measure of how well diesel flows in freezing temperatures and it’s where solid wax crystals begin to form, creating a visual …Advertisement The basic idea of freeze-drying is to completely remove water from some material, such as food, while leaving the basic structure and composition of the material inta... Steps to winterize your diesel fuel. Adding a CFI is the first step to fully protecting your diesel against cold-weather gelling and filter plugging. As temperatures continue to drop, you’ll want to replace your No. 2 diesel with a No. 1, which is free of paraffin wax and therefore offers the best operability during the coldest parts of winter. It's a common misconception that negative wind chill is what affects diesel engines, but it is actually just static air. The colder air temperatures without any wind chill will affect the diesel's performance. That combined with added wind chill can cause even worse problems. Diesel's freezing point in -112 F, which would be an extreme weather ... Dodecane (also known as dihexyl, bihexyl, adakane 12, or duodecane) is an oily liquid n - alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C 12 H 26 (which has 355 isomers ). It is used as a solvent, distillation chaser, and scintillator component. It is used as a diluent for tributyl phosphate (TBP) in nuclear reprocessing plants.The levels of liquid biofuels classified as bio-gasoline, bio-jet and green diesel, including the selectivity for chemical compositions were evaluated. ... respectively. Since the key properties of the aviation fuels is the freezing point, the effect of the blending ratio on the T f of the blended jet fuels was evaluated as shown in Fig. 7 b.A security freeze is a hard lock on your credit. If you've been a victim of identity theft or recent store breaches, your first thought might be to go ahead with the lock. In some...At Midway Diesel LLC in Eloy, AZ, we like to provide information that is either useful or interesting. In the case of the freezing point of gasoline, it’s more of a fun fact than trivia – gas freezes at -40 to -200 degrees. In regard to diesel fuel, however, the answer drifts solidly into the realm of useful information.Diesel’s solid freezing point is near that of gasoline however, it starts to stiffen much warmer. Once temperatures dip below 32 degrees, the diesel fuel will begin to thicken because the waxes in the fuel solidify. The further below freezing the temperature drops, the thicker the fluid becomes. ...Dec 18, 2020 · For OG traditionalists, or those who want to save $200 by not buying the tool, use a multimeter to check plugs' resistance (from connector to the body). Place one point on the battery's positive ... Discover the essential guide to winterizing Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) in your diesel vehicles. Learn about the risks of frozen DEF, common problems, and practical solutions to keep your DEF system running smoothly during cold weather. Ensure your DEF storage and usage remain trouble-free with expert tips from Christensen, your local DEF …When the temperature is below 0 °C, the dew point is called the frost point, as water vapour undergoes gas-solid phase transition called deposition, solidification, or freezing. In the petroleum industry, cloud point refers to the temperature below which paraffin wax in diesel or biowax in biodiesels forms a cloudy appearance.Jan 15, 2024 · While this can begin at temperatures as high as 32 degrees, the average cloud point for #2 diesel fuel is around 20 degrees. As temperatures continue to drop, the diesel approaches its pour point, the coldest temperature at which it can flow before freezing. This occurs when the waxes in the fuel bind together. Fuel has a freezing point, known as a cloud point because as it freezes, fuel can take on a cloudy appearance. The cloud point of fuel in your vehicle depends on your fuel grade. ... You can also lower your cloud point by using a diesel fuel additive, such as anti-gels, or creating a winter blend diesel fuel, mixing 70% diesel no. 2 with 30% ...The average price for a gallon of diesel gas jumped by 51 cents reaching $5.13 from $4.61 within just a week, according to AAA. The average price for a gallon of diesel gas jumped ...Hexadecane (also called cetane) is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C 16 H 34. Hexadecane consists of a chain of 16 carbon atoms, with three hydrogen atoms bonded to the two end carbon atoms, and two hydrogens bonded to …

When the temperature is below 0 °C, the dew point is called the frost point, as water vapour undergoes gas-solid phase transition called deposition, solidification, or freezing. In the petroleum industry, cloud point refers to the temperature below which paraffin wax in diesel or biowax in biodiesels forms a cloudy appearance.. Onlyfans alternatives

diesel freezing point

The gel points of some common petroleum products are as follows: #1 diesel fuel: 15.5 °F (−9.2 °C). #2 diesel fuel: 17.5 °F (−8.1 °C). Heating oil: 16.0 °F (−8.9 °C). Kerosene: −40.0 °F (−40.0 …Winter-grade diesel contains special additives to prevent this happening above -15C, but we’re seeing breakdowns due to blocked filters when it’s only around freezing point. Either the vehicle won’t start or it goes into ‘limp home’ mode. And the cause of this build-up of wax crystals at warmer temperatures is causing a lot of head ...Are you tired of paying high prices for diesel fuel? It’s time to take control of your expenses by finding the lowest diesel prices near you. With fluctuating fuel costs, it’s esse...Use Diesel #1 or “Winter Blend Diesel”. If your fueling station of choice offers diesel #1 during the winter months, this is can be a good temporary alternative, and can also be mixed with existing diesel #2 in your tank to help lower the pour point. Diesel #1 has cloud and pour points in the -40º F range, helping to prevent fuel gelling ...Diesel fuel gelling happens when the paraffin usually present in diesel starts to solidify when the temperature drops. At 32 degrees, the wax in liquid form will crystallize and leave the fuel tank clouded. At 10-15 degrees, it will finally start to gel and clog the tank and fuel filters. Gel Point and Pour Point in Diesel Fuel GellingIf your Diesel Exhaust Fluid is made with the recommended 32.5% urea concentration, you’ll get the lowest possible DEF freezing point of 12 degrees Fahrenheit or -11 degrees Celsius. In a quality DEF product, the water and urea within the DEF product will freeze and thaw at the same rate – which maintains the integrity of the product.The actual temperature at which your winter blend diesel will gel depends on the specific mixture you purchased. The higher the kerosene content, the lower the gel point. For example, the winter diesel in my town is only winterized to +10F, and below that, anything is fair game. Some areas may winterize down to -20F.Sick of tossing spoiled fruit, veggies, meat, and other leftovers in the trash because they sat around the fridge too long before you got to them? The Former Fat Guy Blog offers an...When the temperature falls below 10°F (-12°C) to 15°F (-9°C), wax particles in diesel will form and turn it into a gel. These wax crystals hinder the fuel flow, making it hard to …If you own a diesel vehicle or rely on diesel fuel for your business operations, finding the cheapest diesel near you can make a significant difference in your budget. Diesel price... What’s going on? In very cold weather, some of the paraffins in diesel fuel form wax crystals that can block the fuel filter, stopping the engine from working. Winter-grade diesel contains special additives to prevent this happening above -15C, but we’re seeing breakdowns due to blocked filters when it’s only around freezing point. The fifth through seventh numbers equate to the number of days left in the year at the time the fluid was blended. So, as the info on our bottle is "207," that means the batch of BlueDEF was made ...The flash point of diesel fuel varies between 126 and 205 degrees Fahrenheit (between 52 and 96 degrees Celsius) depending on the type of diesel fuel. Diesel is suitable for use in...If your Diesel Exhaust Fluid is made with the recommended 32.5% urea concentration, you’ll get the lowest possible DEF freezing point of 12 degrees Fahrenheit or -11 degrees Celsius. In a quality DEF product, the water and urea within the DEF product will freeze and thaw at the same rate – which maintains the integrity of the product.The freezing point of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) is a critical consideration for those using it in cold weather conditions. Understanding that DEF can freeze at temperatures below 12°F (-11°C) is essential to maintain the proper functioning of diesel engines equipped with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems.At this temperature fuel will freeze solid in lines. Pour point is irrelevant in terms of predicting cold weather operability because it is lower than cold filter plugging point. If fuel cannot pass through filters to the engine, the vehicle will not run. In the absence of other complications, gelled or cloudy diesel should clear as it warms.We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.If you are experiencing issues with diesel fuel at temperatures above 15°F (-9°C), the problem could be related to water in the fuel freezing and creating blockages, rather than the fuel itself …At this temperature fuel will freeze solid in lines. Pour point is irrelevant in terms of predicting cold weather operability because it is lower than cold filter plugging point. If fuel cannot pass through filters to the engine, the vehicle will not run. In the absence of other complications, gelled or cloudy diesel should clear as it warms. The gel points of some common petroleum products are as follows: #1 diesel fuel: 15.5 °F (−9.2 °C). #2 diesel fuel: 17.5 °F (−8.1 °C). Heating oil: 16.0 °F (−8.9 °C). Kerosene: −40.0 °F (−40.0 °C). For the petroleum product to flow again, it needs to be brought above the gel point temperature to the ungel point, which is ... .

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